Groundwater Resources in Haryana: A Geographical Analysis of Depletion, Quality and Management

Abstract

Haryana, one of the most agriculturally productive states in India, is experiencing an unprecedented decline in groundwater levels, threatening long-term water security and agricultural sustainability. This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater depletion across all 21 districts of Haryana using secondary data from the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the Haryana State Government, and district-level hydrogeological surveys conducted between 2008 and 2018. The study finds that out of 112 assessed groundwater blocks, 41.1% are classified as over-exploited, 28.6% as critical, and 16.1% as semi-critical, leaving only 14.2% as safe. Pre-monsoon water table depths in districts such as Gurgaon, Hisar, and Faridabad have declined to alarming levels exceeding 20 metres below ground level (mbgl). Water quality analysis reveals elevated concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), fluoride, nitrate, and arsenic, particularly in southern and south-western districts. The primary driver of depletion is identified as intensive irrigation in the Green Revolution belt, exacerbated by inadequate recharge, poor drainage, and the absence of an enforceable groundwater regulation framework. The paper recommends an integrated groundwater management approach combining rainwater harvesting, crop diversification, micro-irrigation, and community participation as essential steps for reversing current trends.