Global Journal of Sociology and Anthropology
Global Journal of Sociology and Anthropology (GJSA), ISSN 2756-3456 is an Unpaid Open Access, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed International Journal. Notably, it is a Referred, Highly Indexed, Online International Journal . GJSA is published as a Monthly Journal with 12 issues per year. We also host International and National Conferences to publish their research work. GJSA covers all disciplines including Arts, Science, Commerce, Social-Sciences, Management and Engineering. GJSA always strives to be a platform for Academicians, new Researchers, Authors, Engineers, Technocrats and Engineering Scholars. Since inception, GJSA is continuously publishing original and best quality research articles. The Journal was under International Scholars Journal (ISJ PUBLISHING COMPANY) Till December 2024.
Alternative Dispute Resolution And Judicial Efficiency: An Empirical Assessment
Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms have emerged as pivotal instruments in contemporary judicial systems, addressing institutional congestion whilst advancing access to justice. This empirical study critically evaluates ADR mechanisms encompassing arbitration, mediation, conciliation, and negotiation through systematic data analysis spanning 2019-2024 across Indian courts. Findings reveal ADR adoption rates increased from 18.3% to 52.7%, with average case resolution time reducing from 4.2 years to 1.8 years. Remarkably, settlement success rates peaked at 68.4% in mediation-based interventions, contrasting sharply with conventional litigation's 32.1% resolution efficacy. Statistical analysis demonstrates significant correlation coefficients (r=0.847) between ADR implementation intensity and speedy justice outcomes. This paper synthesizes quantitative findings alongside qualitative comparative analysis with established jurisprudence, revealing that institutional capacity, stakeholder awareness, and procedural streamlining emerge as critical success determinants. The research challenges conventional assumptions regarding ADR's supplementary role, positioning it as transformative mechanism capable of systematic justice delivery improvement without compromising substantive justice standards.
Alternative Dispute Resolution; Speedy Justice; Mediation; Arbitration; Access to Justice; Judicial Efficiency; Settlement Efficacy; Court-annexed Mechanisms
Surveillance Evidence In Criminal Investigations: Legal Safeguards And Admissibility In National Security Cases
This empirical legal study examines the intricate balance between surveillance capabilities deployed in criminal investigations and the constitutional protections afforded to individual privacy rights, specifically within national security frameworks. Drawing on a dataset of 487 criminal investigation files spanning 2019–2024, the research analyzes how investigative authorities exercise surveillance powers including wiretapping, digital monitoring, and location tracking across jurisdictions. Key findings reveal significant variation in judicial oversight mechanisms, with approximately 68% of surveillance authorizations in high-security cases proceeding through expedited channels that compress traditional due-process safeguards. The study documents instances where privacy invasions exceeded statutory mandates by 34%, yet conversely identifies robust protective mechanisms in 56% of cases where independent counsel review was implemented. Using quantitative analysis of authorization records, litigation outcomes, and qualitative assessment of judicial reasoning, the research demonstrates that surveillance legitimacy correlates strongly with transparent oversight structures and clear evidentiary thresholds. The tension between investigative efficiency and privacy protection emerges not as irreconcilable, but rather as dependent upon institutional design and procedural rigor. Recommendations address legislative reform, enhanced transparency mechanisms, and strengthened judicial review protocols to reconcile national security imperatives with fundamental rights protection.
Surveillance Powers; Privacy Rights; Criminal Investigation; National Security; Judicial Oversight; Due Process; Constitutional Protection
Reimagining Gender in Contemporary English Literature: Feminist Perspectives, Intersectionality and the Politics of Representation
Gender representation has become one of the central concerns of contemporary English literature, reflecting broader debates surrounding identity, power, equality, and social justice. Contemporary literary works increasingly challenge traditional patriarchal assumptions by presenting complex representations of women, men, and gender-diverse identities. Influenced by feminist criticism, queer theory, intersectionality, and postcolonial discourse, modern literature explores how gender is constructed, negotiated, and contested within different cultural and political contexts. Rather than portraying gender as a fixed biological category, contemporary writers depict it as a dynamic social and cultural construct shaped by class, race, ethnicity, sexuality, nationality, and historical circumstances. This review examines the evolution of gender representation in contemporary English literature by synthesizing major theoretical approaches and recent literary trends. It discusses feminist literary criticism, gender performativity, intersectionality, narrative agency, masculinity studies, queer perspectives, and postcolonial feminism while highlighting the contributions of prominent contemporary writers. The review argues that contemporary English literature functions as an important site for questioning dominant ideologies and imagining more inclusive representations of identity. Although significant progress has been made in literary representation, persistent inequalities demonstrate the continuing relevance of gender-conscious literary criticism.
Gender representation, Feminist literary criticism, Intersectionality, Contemporary English literature, Gender politics, Narrative agency
ग्रामीण युवतियों की शिक्षा एवं रोजगार अवसरों पर लैंगिक विषमता का प्रभाव
लैंगिक असमानता समाज की एक गहरी और व्यापक समस्या है जो युवतियों के जीवन के लगभग हर पहलू को प्रभावित करती है। यह शोध पत्र पिछले किए गए कार्यों के गहन विश्लेषण के माध्यम से यह समझने का प्रयास करता है कि लैंगिक असमानता किस प्रकार युवतियों की शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, मानसिक स्थिति, आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता और सामाजिक स्थिति पर प्रभाव डालती है [1], [2]। अनेक अध्ययनों से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि परिवार, विद्यालय और समाज के स्तर पर लड़कियों के साथ भेदभाव जन्म से ही आरंभ हो जाता है, जो आगे चलकर उनके आत्मविश्वास और अवसरों की कमी का कारण बनता है [3]। यह समीक्षा पत्र मुख्य रूप से पिछले बीस वर्षों में प्रकाशित शोध कार्यों का मेटा-विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है, जिसमें विकासशील देशों में युवतियों की स्थिति पर विशेष ध्यान दिया गया है [4], [5]। अध्ययन में यह भी देखा गया है कि शिक्षा में असमानता, बाल विवाह, घरेलू हिंसा और कार्यस्थल पर भेदभाव जैसे कारक युवतियों के समग्र विकास में बाधा उत्पन्न करते हैं [6]। साथ ही, मानसिक स्वास्थ्य पर पड़ने वाले नकारात्मक प्रभाव, जैसे चिंता, अवसाद और आत्म-सम्मान की कमी, को भी विस्तार से समझाया गया है [7], [8]। इस पत्र की कार्यप्रणाली में द्वितीयक स्रोतों के आधार पर व्यवस्थित समीक्षा पद्धति अपनाई गई है, जिसमें विभिन्न शोध पत्रिकाओं, सरकारी रिपोर्टों और अंतरराष्ट्रीय संगठनों के आंकड़ों का उपयोग किया गया है [9]। इस समीक्षा से यह निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि लैंगिक असमानता केवल व्यक्तिगत समस्या नहीं है बल्कि यह सामाजिक ढांचे की गहराई से जुड़ी हुई है, जिसके समाधान हेतु नीतिगत हस्तक्षेप, शैक्षिक सुधार और सामाजिक जागरूकता अत्यंत आवश्यक है [10]।
लैंगिक असमानता, युवतियां, शिक्षा, मानसिक स्वास्थ्य, सामाजिक भेदभाव, आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता, बाल विवाह
Barriers And Classroom Practices In Implementing Inclusive Education
Inclusive education has emerged as a global movement advocating for equitable and quality education for 8.3 all learners, including children with disabilities (CwD). In India, legislative frameworks such as the Right to Education Act 2009 and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016 mandate inclusive practices, yet ground level implementation remains challenging and largely dependent on teachers. This empirical study investigated 250 primary and secondary school teachers' experiences, challenges, and strategies in implementing inclusive education across government, private, and aided schools in Madhya Pradesh. Using a mixed-method approach with a structured questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation, ANOVA, and multiple regression. Findings reveal that while 68.4% of teachers reported a positive attitude toward inclusion, only 34.4% had received substantive training, resulting in low self-efficacy (Mean=2.85). Major challenges identified include lack of specialized training (Mean=4.52), large class size (Mean=4.31), and inadequate resources (Mean=4.25). Teachers predominantly employed peer tutoring (72%), visual aids (78%), and differentiated instruction (68%) as coping strategies. Regression analysis indicated that training (β=0.48, p<0.001), stakeholder support (β=0.31, p<0.001), and teaching experience (β=0.18, p<0.05) significantly predict successful implementation. The study concludes that systemic investment in teacher capacity building, infrastructural modifications, and collaborative support models is essential to bridge policy-practice gaps. Implications for teacher education and policy reforms are discussed.
inclusive education, teachers experiences, challenges, strategies, children with disabilities, teacher training, inclusive pedagogy
महिला उद्यमिता, आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता और सामाजिक सशक्तिकरण: छत्तीसगढ़ का विश्लेषण
प्रस्तुत अनुभवजन्य अध्ययन छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य के सात जिलों में महिला-नेतृत्व वाले सूक्ष्म उद्यमों तथा उनके सामाजिक सशक्तिकरण पर पड़ने वाले प्रभावों का विश्लेषणात्मक परीक्षण करता है। इस शोध में 250 महिला उद्यमियों से संरचित साक्षात्कार अनुसूची एवं सामाजिक सशक्तिकरण मापनी (Likert-5) के माध्यम से प्राथमिक आँकड़े एकत्रित किए गए। अध्ययन में t-परीक्षण, χ² परीक्षण, एकमार्गीय ANOVA तथा बहु-प्रतिगमन विश्लेषण का उपयोग किया गया। परिणाम स्पष्ट करते हैं कि उद्यम-स्थापना के पश्चात महिलाओं के समग्र सशक्तिकरण स्कोर में सांख्यिकीय दृष्टि से अत्यंत सार्थक वृद्धि (t=11.62, p<0.01) हुई है। आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता (Δ=+1.73), निर्णय-क्षमता (Δ=+1.43) तथा सामाजिक भागीदारी (Δ=+1.53) में उल्लेखनीय सुधार दर्ज किया गया। बहु-प्रतिगमन विश्लेषण (R²=0.68) दर्शाता है कि मासिक आय (β=0.412), शिक्षा (β=0.287) तथा स्वयं-सहायता समूह सदस्यता (β=0.164) सशक्तिकरण के प्रमुख पूर्वानुमानक हैं। यह शोध नीति-निर्माताओं को यह सुझाव देता है कि महिला उद्यमिता को सुदृढ़ करने वाली योजनाओं का विस्तार ग्रामीण एवं आदिवासी क्षेत्रों तक किया जाए ताकि सामाजिक सशक्तिकरण की खाई को पाटा जा सके।
महिला उद्यमिता, सूक्ष्म उद्यम, सामाजिक सशक्तिकरण, छत्तीसगढ़, स्वयं सहायता समूह, ग्रामीण विकास, लैंगिक समानता
Influence of Ancient Sacred Sites of Jharkhand on the Evolution of Indian Religious Traditions
This paper examines the role of ancient sacred sites in Jharkhand as dynamic agents in the evolution of Indian religious traditions. Moving beyond descriptive cataloguing, it argues that these sites functioned not merely as passive backdrops to religious practice but as active nodes of interaction, negotiation, and transformation between tribal cosmologies and institutionalised religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Drawing on archaeological evidence from megalithic cultures, ethnographic accounts of Sarna groves, and historical documentation of Parasnath Hill and regional temples, the paper demonstrates how Jharkhand's sacred landscape fostered processes of syncretism, localisation, and contested identity-formation over the longue durée. Applying Eliade's notion of hierophany alongside more critical frameworks drawn from landscape anthropology and postcolonial religious studies, the paper contends that Jharkhand's sacred geography represents a palimpsest of religious change. The findings suggest that indigenous Adivasi traditions made substantial, though historically under-acknowledged, contributions to the broader fabric of Indian religiosity, and that contemporary contestations over sites like Parasnath Hill are continuations of much older negotiations.
Jharkhand, sacred sites, Adivasi religion, Sarna, Parasnath, religious syncretism, megalithic traditions
Appraisal of the Indian English writers in reflecting Diaspora experience
This study explores how Indian English writers portray and make sense of the diaspora experience in contemporary literature. It looks at diaspora writing as more than just storytelling—as a space where deeper questions about identity, culture, and migration are worked through. In particular, it focuses on how these writers capture the complex relationship individuals have with the multiple cultural worlds they move between. These stories aren’t just about crossing borders; they also reflect the emotional, psychological, and social shifts that come with leaving one place and settling in another. At the heart of the study are several recurring themes that shape diasporic writing. Displacement, for instance, goes beyond the idea of physical movement—it carries a deeper sense of being uprooted from familiar surroundings and ways of life. This often leads to feelings of alienation, where individuals struggle to fully belong either to their homeland or to the new society they’re part of. At the same time, the idea of cultural hybridity comes into play, showing how identities are formed through a mix of influences rather than a single, fixed background. Language adds another layer to this experience. It becomes a tool through which people express who they are, negotiate their place in different cultures, and sometimes even reshape their sense of self. The study suggests that Indian English diaspora writing serves two important purposes. On one level, it tells personal stories—capturing the challenges, adjustments, and hopes of individuals navigating life across cultures. On another, it offers a broader lens on the social and cultural changes brought about by globalization. As movement across borders becomes more common and cultures increasingly intersect, literature becomes a space where these shifts are reflected, questioned, and reimagined. In this way, writers aren’t just documenting experiences; they’re actively engaging with how identity evolves in a globalized world. It also looks closely at the storytelling techniques these writers use to convey diasporic life. Elements like memory, fragmented narratives, shifting viewpoints, and blended language styles all help mirror the layered, sometimes unsettled nature of living between cultures. By examining these techniques, the study shows how literature can powerfully capture the complexity of migration and identity. Ultimately, it highlights Indian English diaspora writing as an important way to understand contemporary experiences of globalization, cultural diversity, and the search for belonging. DOI: https://doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2026-34522381
Indian English literature, diaspora experience, identity, migration, cultural hybridity, postcolonial writing, literary representation
घर और काम में संतुलन: दरभंगा नगर क्षेत्र के मध्यम वर्गीय परिवारों में कार्यरत महिलाओं के सामने आने वाली चुनौतियाँ
यह अध्ययन दरभंगा नगर निगम क्षेत्र के मध्यवर्गीय परिवारों में कार्यरत महिलाओं, विशेषकर महिला शिक्षिकाओं, द्वारा व्यावसायिक जिम्मेदारियों और घरेलू दायित्वों के बीच संतुलन बनाए रखने में आने वाली बहुआयामी चुनौतियों का विश्लेषण करता है। 300 महिला शिक्षिकाओं को दिए गए संरचित प्रश्नावली के माध्यम से यह अध्ययन समय प्रबंधन, भावनात्मक तनाव और पारिवारिक समर्थन जैसे महत्वपूर्ण क्षेत्रों की जाँच करता है। पाँच–बिंदु लिकर्ट मापकक्रम पर एकत्रित डेटा यह दर्शाता है कि कार्यरत महिलाओं के लिए घर और कार्यस्थल की माँगों के बीच संतुलन बनाए रखना एक सतत संघर्ष है। अध्ययन अंत में इन महिलाओं द्वारा झेले जा रहे दोहरे बोझ को कम करने हेतु संस्थागत और पारिवारिक समर्थन तंत्रों का सुझाव प्रस्तुत करता है।
हजारीबाग जिले में पारंपरिक और डिजिटल शिक्षण विधियों के सम्मिश्रण में चुनौतियां और अवसर: एक महत्वपूर्ण विश्लेषण
पारंपरिक और डिजिटल शिक्षण विधियों का संयोजन, जिसे सामान्यतः मिश्रित शिक्षण (ब्लेंडेड लर्निंग) कहा जाता है, शैक्षिक प्रथाओं को पूरी दुनिया में पुनः आकार देने वाली एक महत्वपूर्ण नवाचार के रूप में उभरा है। यह दृष्टिकोण कक्षा में आमने-सामने शिक्षा की ताकत को डिजिटल तकनीकों द्वारा प्रदान की जाने वाली लचीलेपन और इंटरएक्टिविटी के साथ मिलाता है, जिसका उद्देश्य अधिक आकर्षक और प्रभावी शिक्षण अनुभव बनाना है। झारखंड के हजारीबाग जिले के संदर्भ में, मिश्रित शिक्षण को अपनाना न केवल अपार संभावनाएँ प्रस्तुत करता है बल्कि इसके साथ कई चुनौतियाँ भी जुड़ी हैं। एक ओर, यह मॉडल अर्ध-शहरी और ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में लंबे समय से व्याप्त शैक्षिक सीमाओं को दूर करने का अवसर प्रदान करता है, जैसे कि गुणवत्तापूर्ण शिक्षण संसाधनों की सीमित उपलब्धता और व्यक्तिगत शिक्षण का अभाव। मिश्रित शिक्षण विद्यार्थियों को अधिक लचीलापन प्रदान करता है, जिससे वे अपनी गति से सीख सकते हैं और पारंपरिक कक्षा की सीमाओं से परे विविध शैक्षिक सामग्री तक पहुँच सकते हैं। दूसरी ओर, इस मॉडल को सफलतापूर्वक लागू करने में कई स्थानीय कारक बाधक हैं। अवसंरचनात्मक समस्याएँ जैसे कि बिजली की अस्थिर आपूर्ति, कमजोर इंटरनेट कनेक्टिविटी, और डिजिटल उपकरणों की अपर्याप्त उपलब्धता, रोज़ाना शिक्षण में तकनीक के समेकन की संभावना को गंभीर रूप से सीमित करती हैं। इसके अलावा, हजारीबाग के कई शिक्षक और छात्र डिजिटल साक्षरता की कमी से जूझ रहे हैं, जिनमें डिजिटल उपकरणों का प्रभावी उपयोग करने की परिचितता और सहजता कम है। सामाजिक–आर्थिक असमानताएँ इन समस्याओं को और बढ़ा देती हैं, क्योंकि सभी छात्रों के पास स्कूल के बाहर आवश्यक तकनीकी संसाधनों तक समान पहुँच नहीं है। इन बाधाओं के बावजूद, मिश्रित शिक्षण के संभावित लाभ इसे हजारीबाग में अपनाने के लिए एक मूल्यवान रणनीति बनाते हैं। अवसंरचनात्मक सुधार, लक्षित शिक्षक प्रशिक्षण, और समावेशी नीतियों को बढ़ावा देने जैसे विशेष समाधान खोजकर, सभी संबंधित पक्ष अधिक प्रभावी मिश्रित शिक्षण के समेकन के लिए काम कर सकते हैं। यह लेख इन अवसरों और चुनौतियों का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण करता है, जिसका उद्देश्य शिक्षकों, नीति निर्माताओं, और संस्थागत नेताओं के लिए दृष्टिकोण प्रदान करना है। शोध का विशेष महत्त्व उन उभरते अवसंरचनात्मक वास्तविकताओं के प्रति संवेदनशील मिश्रित शिक्षण विधियों के डिज़ाइन और कार्यान्वयन में सहायक होना है। अंततः, यह अध्ययन हजारीबाग और इसी तरह के क्षेत्रों में शैक्षिक गुणवत्ता और समता सुधारने के लिए मिश्रित शिक्षण की परिवर्तनकारी शक्ति को सक्रिय करने हेतु सहयोगात्मक और संदर्भ-सजग प्रयास की आवश्यकता को रेखांकित करता है।
Behavioral Responses Of Urban Birds: A Meta-Analysis Of Ranchi City
Urbanization represents one of the most significant drivers of ecological change in contemporary ecosystems, fundamentally altering species distribution, behavior, and community structure. This meta-analysis synthesizes existing research on behavioral ecology of avian populations in relation to urbanization patterns, with a specific focus on the industrial city of Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. Through systematic review of 30 key studies spanning the past two decades, this paper examines how behavioral adaptations including habitat selection, foraging strategies, breeding patterns, and vocal communication are modified in response to urban environmental pressures. The analysis reveals a consistent pattern of behavioral plasticity among generalist species, particularly in the families Corvidae, Estrildidae, and Passeridae, which demonstrate enhanced resource exploitation and modified temporal activity patterns in urban habitats. Conversely, specialist and forest-dependent species exhibit pronounced behavioral avoidance and altered breeding success rates in urbanized landscapes. Critical gaps in understanding include the long-term evolutionary implications of rapid behavioral changes, metabolic costs of urban adaptation, and species-specific threshold responses to urbanization intensity. This review emphasizes the necessity for integrative approaches combining behavioral ecology, landscape ecology, and urban planning perspectives to develop sustainable conservation strategies for maintaining avian diversity in rapidly urbanizing regions of India. Future research directions include longitudinal studies examining behavioral persistence across generations, investigation of synergistic effects of multiple urban stressors, and development of evidence-based urban design protocols that accommodate ecological requirements of threatened bird species while addressing human developmental needs in the context of Ranchi's expanding metropolitan area.
urbanization; behavioral ecology; avian communities; habitat fragmentation; urban adaptation; Ranchi city; meta-analysis
Welfare schemes are arguably one of the most embattled sites in Indian electoral politics both as a means of genuine redistribution and as a strategic tool for mobilizing coalitions. This paper provides an empirical testing of the association between state level welfare spending, scheme design and extent of beneficiary coverage with incumbent electoral performance in 10 major Indian states (2018–2024). Using official electoral data, budgetary records, survey responses from 1,840 voters across six states, and regression modelling we find that welfare spend as a share of Gross State Domestic Product has a statistically significant positive association with ruling-party vote share (β = 0.847,p < 0.001). Women-targeted direct benefit transfer schemes give the largest electoral gain (as much as 18.6 percentage points in some cases). Most importantly, these effects are moderated in a non-linear fashion by scheme-launch proximity to elections: schemes launched less than four months prior to polling yield weaker electoral returns than schemes with a six- to twelve-month gestation period, pointing towards voters responding to an impression of quality delivery rather than announcement alone. The paper informs the empirical studies of populism, clientelism and democratic accountability by showing that welfare politics in India cannot truly be understood as programmatic or clientelistic, but operates through a context specific logic where material distribution is not unrelated to caste mobilization and federalism, even when that distribution is rendered media visible.
Copyright (c) 2026 Global Journal of Sociology and Anthropology
Social Support, Relationships, and Health: A Psychoneuroimmunological Review
Social support and interpersonal relationships represent foundational determinants of human health, operating through complex psychoneuroimmunological (PNI) mechanisms that bridge psychological experience with biological function. This review examines the extant literature on the interrelationships among social support, relational quality, and health outcomes from a psychoneuroimmunological perspective, synthesizing evidence from over 150 empirical and review studies published between 1977 and 2024. We interrogate the pathways through which perceived and received social support modulate neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune functioning, with particular attention to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, sympathetic nervous system activation, inflammatory cytokine profiles, and natural killer cell activity. Meta-analytic findings consistently demonstrate that social isolation and low perceived support are associated with elevated cortisol, heightened interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. Conversely, high-quality close relationships buffer allostatic load, attenuate inflammatory responses, and confer significant protective effects against cardiovascular disease, cancer progression, infectious illness, and all-cause mortality. Theoretical frameworks including the stress-buffering hypothesis, the direct effects model, and the social regulation of biology model are critically evaluated for their explanatory utility. The review highlights critical methodological considerations, identifies gaps in the literature pertaining to bidirectionality and mechanism specificity, and proposes directions for future longitudinal and intervention research. The synthesis underscores social connectedness as a fundamental biological need, with implications for clinical practice, public health policy, and the design of behavioral interventions across the lifespan.
social support, psychoneuroimmunology, relationships and health
HPA axis, immune function, social isolation, stress-buffering hypothesis, inflammatory cytokines, cortisol, allostatic load, interpersonal relationships, natural killer cell activity, neuroendocrine regulation
A Study of Employee Job Satisfaction and Its Impact on Employee Retention at Neel Metal Products Limited, Sitarganj
Holding on to talent has become one of India's auto-component companies' more pointed problems with the actual costs from attrition on the shop floor involving training, downtime and quality. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between job satisfaction and intention to quit in workers of Neel Metal Products Limited, Sitarganj (Uttarakhand). The goal was twofold: to quantify satisfaction on key aspects and to determine if satisfaction correlates with retention. It was a descriptive and cross-sectional design which is based on the use of structured questionnaire to the shop floor staff and executives on the five-point likert scale. Based on a working hypothesis that satisfaction and retention are positively linked, compensation and growth opportunities are viewed as most salient. Data analysis was carried out by using SPSS (correlation and multiple regression). The results showed a significant positive relationship between overall satisfaction and retention intention, highlighting pay fairness and career development as key factors, and supervision and work environment as supportive factors. The findings indicate that more factors are involved in a person's decision to stay with the unit than just compensation, which is why it is important to look at a package of fair reward, growth and recognition.
छात्र-शिक्षकों में सामाजिक परिपक्वता एवं नैतिक निर्णय का विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन
प्रस्तुत अध्ययन झारखंड के हजारीबाग जिले के बी.एड. छात्र-शिक्षकों में सामाजिक परिपक्वता एवं नैतिक निर्णय के स्तर का विश्लेषण तथा इन दोनों चरों के मध्य संबंध की जांच करने हेतु किया गया। शिक्षकों का व्यवहार छात्रों के नैतिक विकास को सीधे प्रभावित करता है, अतः उनकी परिपक्वता का मूल्यांकन शैक्षिक गुणवत्ता के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है। अध्ययन का प्रमुख उद्देश्य लिंग (पुरुष/महिला) तथा निवास स्थान (ग्रामीण/शहरी) के आधार पर इन दोनों चरों में अंतर का परीक्षण करना था। शोध हेतु वर्णनात्मक सर्वेक्षण विधि अपनाई गई, जिसमें हजारीबाग जिले के बी.एड. महाविद्यालयों से स्तरीकृत यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन द्वारा 320 छात्र-शिक्षकों (160 पुरुष, 160 महिला) का चयन किया गया। नलिनी राव की सामाजिक परिपक्वता मापनी तथा नैतिक निर्णय परीक्षण मापनी का उपयोग किया गया। आंकड़ों के विश्लेषण हेतु माध्य, मानक विचलन, टी-परीक्षण तथा कार्ल पियर्सन सहसंबंध गुणांक का प्रयोग किया गया। परिणामों से ज्ञात हुआ कि छात्र-शिक्षकों की सामाजिक परिपक्वता और नैतिक निर्णय के मध्य धनात्मक सार्थक सहसंबंध (r=0.42, p<0.01) पाया गया। महिला छात्र-शिक्षक पुरुषों की तुलना में दोनों चरों में बेहतर पाई गईं। शहरी छात्र-शिक्षकों ने ग्रामीण से अधिक स्कोर प्राप्त किए। यह अध्ययन शिक्षक-शिक्षा कार्यक्रमों में नैतिक मूल्यों एवं सामाजिक कौशल विकास हेतु पाठ्यक्रम सुधार की आवश्यकता पर बल देता है।
सामाजिक परिपक्वता, नैतिक निर्णय, छात्र-शिक्षक, हजारीबाग, बी.एड.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Smart Classroom Assist: AI-Powered Automation for Attendance, Note Generation, and Learning Support
Education systems across the world are rapidly evolving with the integration of digital technologies; however, traditional classroom environments still depend heavily on manual processes such as attendance tracking, note-taking, and student–teacher interactions. These processes are time-consuming, prone to errors, and lack scalability. This paper presents Smart Classroom Assist, an AI-driven system designed to automate classroom operations and enhance learning experiences through intelligent analytics and real-time assistance. The proposed system integrates YOLOv11-based object detection for automated attendance, Tesseract OCR for extracting classroom board content, and HuggingFace-based Large Language Models (LLMs) for generating summaries and answering student queries. A Flutter-based cross-platform application ensures accessibility, while Supabase provides a scalable backend infrastructure. The system was evaluated in real classroom environments and achieved 92–95% accuracy in attendance detection and 85–90% accuracy in OCR extraction, along with high-quality AI-generated responses. The results demonstrate significant improvements in efficiency, reduced manual workload, and enhanced student engagement. This research highlights the potential of integrating AI technologies to develop intelligent and scalable educational systems.
Mr. Abdul Samad Yaqoob, Mr. Syed Shafaq Hussain, Mr. Mohammed Imran Sharif, Mr. Mohammed Afraaz Quraishi
An Empirical Investigation into Secondary Students' Attitudes Toward ICT in Education in Alipurduar, West Bengal
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has emerged as a transformative force in contemporary education, reshaping pedagogy and learning outcomes globally. This study empirically investigates the attitudes of secondary school students toward ICT in education in Alipurduar district, West Bengal, India a geographically and socioeconomically marginalized northern border district with a predominantly tribal and tea-garden community demography. The study adopted a descriptive survey design involving 240 students (Classes IX–X) selected through stratified random sampling from six secondary schools across government and private management categories. A validated 30-item five-point Likert-type attitude scale measuring cognitive, affective, and behavioural dimensions was administered during the 2020–21 academic session. The study hypothesized that gender and school management type do not significantly influence students' ICT attitudes. Results revealed that 76.67% of respondents held a favourable attitude toward ICT. A statistically significant difference was found between government and private school students (t=3.84, p<0.05), while gender differences were non-significant (t=1.42, p>0.05). Barriers including infrastructural deficiency and limited internet access were prominently self-reported. The study concludes that equitable ICT policy and targeted investment are critical for educationally underserved districts.
ICT attitudes, secondary students, digital divide, West Bengal, educational technology
Detecting Digital Harassment : The Bullynet Approach To Cyberbully Identification (Nlp)
The rapid growth of digital communication platforms has transformed how people interact, but it has also led to an increase in cyberbullying and online harassment, creating significant challenges for users, especially adolescents and young adults. While existing moderation systems attempt to address this issue, their effectiveness remains limited due to reliance on manual reporting and keyword-based filtering, which fail to capture contextual meaning and evolving slang. This paper presents BullyNet, a system that detects cyberbullying in textual data using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. It combines transformer-based models such as BERT with sentiment analysis and hybrid classification to improve detection accuracy. The system processes user -generated content, identifies harmful intent, and classifies abusive language while reducing false positives. Evaluated for accuracy and efficiency using datasets from platforms like Twitter and YouTube, the system shows promise as an effective tool to enhance online safety and promote healthier digital communication environments.
Ms. Anjali Kumari, Mr. Mohammed Aqib Ali,Mr. Syed Abdul Jabbar
Disaster Management in India: A Geographical Analysis of Vulnerability, Policy Framework, and Regional Patterns
India is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, facing a wide spectrum of natural hazards including floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, and landslides. This paper presents a geographical analysis of disaster occurrences in India from 2000 to 2020, examining spatial distribution, frequency patterns, affected population, economic losses, and the evolution of disaster management policy. Using secondary data sourced from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), EM-DAT International Disaster Database, Census of India, and peer-reviewed literature published before 2021, this study employs descriptive statistical analysis and visual representation through tables and charts to highlight regional vulnerability patterns. Findings indicate that floods are the most frequent and devastating disaster type, disproportionately affecting states such as Assam, Bihar, and Odisha. Economic losses from disasters increased nearly six-fold between the 1980s and 2010–2020. The Disaster Management Act, 2005 and the National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009 represent landmark legislative milestones, yet implementation gaps remain. This paper recommends strengthening community-based early warning systems and integrating disaster risk reduction into regional planning.
Disaster Management, India, Natural Hazards, Vulnerability, NDMA, Disaster Risk Reduction.
Environmental Sociology And The Effects Of Environmental Hazards On Women And Their Health
Environmental hazards including droughts, floods, heatwaves, air pollution, and inadequate sanitation disproportionately endanger women's physical and mental health, particularly in developing nations like India. This study, grounded in environmental sociology, examines the gendered dimensions of environmental risk by investigating how structural inequalities amplify women's biological and social vulnerabilities to ecological threats. The primary objectives are to document the differential health burden borne by women during environmental hazard events and to identify the socio-structural determinants driving this disparity. A systematic secondary data analysis design was adopted, drawing from established national and international databases including NFHS-5, WHO, IPCC, and peer- reviewed literature published between 2018 and 2025. The hypothesis posits that women in environmentally stressed regions experience statistically higher rates of adverse health outcomes than men due to intersecting gender-based inequalities. Results confirm significant disparities in maternal mortality, reproductive health, vector-borne disease vulnerability, mental health disorders, and sanitation-related illness. Discussion reveals that patriarchal institutional frameworks, limited resource access, and caregiving burdens structurally expose women to compounded hazard risk. The study concludes that gender-responsive environmental and public health policies are urgently needed.
Environmental hazards, women's health, environmental sociology, gender disparity, climate vulnerability
कार्यस्थल पर यौन उत्पीड़न का समाजशास्त्रीय विश्लेषण
भारत में कार्यस्थल पर यौन उत्पीड़न एक गंभीर सामाजिक समस्या है जो महिलाओं की आर्थिक भागीदारी और मानवीय गरिमा को प्रत्यक्ष रूप से प्रभावित करती है। यह शोध 2014 से 2021 के बीच कार्यस्थलीय यौन उत्पीड़न की प्रवृत्तियों, कारणों और सामाजिक प्रभावों का समाजशास्त्रीय दृष्टिकोण से विश्लेषण करता है। शोध में द्वितीयक आँकड़ों का उपयोग किया गया है जिनमें राष्ट्रीय अपराध रिकॉर्ड ब्यूरो (NCRB), राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग (NCW) और POSH अधिनियम 2013 के अंतर्गत प्रकाशित वार्षिक रिपोर्टें सम्मिलित हैं। शोध की परिकल्पना यह है कि सामाजिक असमानता, शक्ति संरचना और विधिक जागरूकता का अभाव कार्यस्थल पर यौन उत्पीड़न के प्रमुख कारण हैं। परिणाम दर्शाते हैं कि POSH अधिनियम लागू होने के पश्चात् शिकायतों में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई 2013-14 में 161 से बढ़कर 2019-20 में 961 शिकायतें दर्ज हुईं। IT और BFSI क्षेत्र में सर्वाधिक मामले पाए गए। COVID-19 महामारी के दौरान 2020-21 में शिकायतें घटकर 586 हो गईं। यह शोध नीति-निर्माताओं और संगठनों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण सुझाव प्रस्तुत करता है।
यौन उत्पीड़न, POSH अधिनियम, कार्यस्थल, लैंगिक असमानता, समाजशास्त्रीय विश्लेषण
Fear Of Missing Out (FOMO) As A Predictor Of Smartphone Addiction Among School Students
The excessive use of smartphones among adolescents has transmuted patterns of communication, learning, and social interaction. While smartphones provide numerous advantages, excessive usage has led to behavioural concerns such as smartphone addiction. One psychological factor that has gained attention in recent years is the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), defined as a pervasive anxiety that others may be experiencing rewarding events without one's participation. Adolescents, who are particularly sensitive to peer interaction and social belonging, may frequently engage with smartphones to remain updated with social activities. The present study investigates whether FOMO predicts smartphone addiction among school students. A quantitative research design was adopted using a structured questionnaire administered to secondary school students. Standardized scales measuring FOMO and smartphone addiction were used for data collection. Statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were applied to examine the relationship between the variables. The findings indicate a significant positive relationship between FOMO and smartphone addiction. Students with higher levels of FOMO tend to demonstrate stronger tendencies toward compulsive smartphone usage. The study highlights the importance of understanding psychological motivations behind excessive smartphone engagement and suggests that educational interventions focusing on digital well-being may help reduce problematic technology use among adolescents.
Fear of Missing Out, Smartphone Addiction, Adolescents, Social Media Behavior, Digital Psychology
मधुबनी ज़िले में राजनीतिक जागरूकता, चुनावी सहभागिता और लोकतांत्रिक संलग्नता का मूल्यांकन
मधुबनी ज़िला, बिहार के मिथिलांचल में स्थित एक ग्रामीण-बहुल जनपद है जहाँ 2011 जनगणना के अनुसार 44,87,379 की जनसंख्या निवास करती है। इस शोध का उद्देश्य मधुबनी में राजनीतिक जागरूकता के स्तर, चुनावी सहभागिता की प्रवृत्तियों और लोकतांत्रिक संलग्नता को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का मूल्यांकन करना है। अध्ययन 2009 से 2023 की अवधि के निर्वाचन आयोग के द्वितीयक आँकड़ों, जनगणना 2011 तथा Lokniti-CSDS सर्वेक्षण रिपोर्टों पर आधारित है। परिकल्पना यह है कि साक्षरता दर, जाति-आधारित एकजुटता एवं महिला सशक्तिकरण नीतियाँ मतदान प्रतिशत को सकारात्मक रूप से प्रभावित करती हैं। परिणाम दर्शाते हैं कि 2019 लोकसभा चुनाव में मधुबनी में 53.7% और 2020 विधानसभा चुनाव में 54.13% मतदान रहा, जो बिहार के राज्य औसत 57.05% से कुछ कम है। महिला मतदाताओं की भागीदारी में धीरे-धीरे सुधार हुआ है, परंतु 46.16% की निम्न महिला साक्षरता दर राजनीतिक जागरूकता में एक प्रमुख बाधा बनी हुई है। निष्कर्षतः, मधुबनी में लोकतांत्रिक संलग्नता मध्यम स्तर की है और लक्षित साक्षरता तथा जागरूकता कार्यक्रमों से इसे और प्रभावी बनाया जा सकता है।
राजनीतिक जागरूकता, चुनावी सहभागिता, मतदान प्रतिशत, लोकतांत्रिक संलग्नता, मधुबनी ज़िला
Role Of Legal Literacy Programs In Promoting Social Justice
Legal literacy the fundamental capacity of citizens to understand and exercise their legal rights remains critically deficient among India's marginalized communities, creating a structural barrier to social justice. Despite an extensive legislative framework including the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, and active institutional mechanisms such as NALSA, the persistent gap between legal entitlements and their ground-level realization reflects deep-rooted legal illiteracy, especially among Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, and rural populations. This study examines the role of legal literacy programs in promoting social justice in India, with specific objectives of analyzing program effectiveness, assessing community impact, identifying structural challenges, and exploring empowerment outcomes for marginalized groups. A descriptive-analytical research design was employed, combining primary survey data collected from 150 respondents across rural and semi-urban areas of Chhattisgarh with secondary data from government reports, NALSA statistics, and published academic research. Findings indicate that legal literacy programs significantly improve awareness of fundamental rights, enhance access to justice mechanisms, and reduce exploitation among beneficiaries. However, inadequate funding, language barriers, low participation, and uneven geographic reach continue to limit program impact. The study concludes that a strengthened, technology-integrated, and institutionally coordinated legal literacy framework is essential for translating India's constitutional promise of social justice into substantive reality. DOI: https://doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2026-86759912
Legal Literacy, Social Justice, Access to Justice, NALSA, Legal Empowerment, Marginalized Communities, Legal Awareness Programs
Effectiveness of Family Counselling in Reducing Domestic Stress and Improving Family Cohesion: A Comparative Study of Structural, Systemic and Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy Models
Rapid social transformation, economic pressures, and evolving family structures have significantly influenced the functioning of modern families. These changes have increased the occurrence of domestic stress, interpersonal conflicts, and communication breakdown within households. Persistent stress within family relationships often results in emotional distress, weakened relational bonds, and reduced family cohesion. Family counselling has emerged as an effective intervention aimed at improving communication patterns, resolving conflicts, and strengthening emotional connections among family members. This research investigates the effectiveness of three major therapeutic models—Structural Family Therapy, Systemic Family Therapy, and Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy—in reducing domestic stress and improving family cohesion. The study adopts a comparative analytical approach to evaluate the influence of counselling interventions on family functioning, emotional bonding, and conflict resolution mechanisms. Data were analyzed using conceptual and comparative research methods based on established indicators such as emotional regulation, communication improvement, problem-solving ability, psychological relief, and mutual support. The results demonstrate that structured counselling interventions significantly reduce domestic stress and strengthen family cohesion by enhancing communication skills, improving emotional regulation, and fostering collaborative problem-solving among family members. Among the therapy models studied, systemic and cognitive-behavioral approaches demonstrate strong effectiveness in improving communication patterns and emotional stability within families. The findings highlight the importance of integrating therapeutic approaches in family counselling practice and provide practical insights for counsellors, psychologists, and social workers seeking to improve relational outcomes in families experiencing conflict and stress.
Family Counselling, Domestic Stress, Family Cohesion, Structural Family Therapy, Systemic Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Communication Patterns, Emotional Regulation
A Critical Study of Environmental Literacy, Genetic Alteration, and Sustainable Population Learning
The present analytical study critically examines the interconnected dimensions of environmental literacy, genetic alteration awareness, and sustainable population learning within the contemporary educational and socio-scientific landscape. The primary objectives of this study are to evaluate the prevailing levels of environmental literacy among diverse population groups, to assess public understanding and perception of genetic alteration technologies, and to investigate the role of sustainable development education in shaping population -level learning outcomes. The study employs a descriptive-analytical research design utilizing secondary data sourced from authenticated governmental databases, international organizational reports, and peer-reviewed empirical studies published up to 2019. The hypothesis posits that higher environmental literacy correlates positively with informed perceptions of genetic alteration and greater engagement in sustainable learning practices. Results indicate that environmental literacy levels remain moderate across global populations, with approximately 61.5% overall awareness reported among college-level students (Shri & Tiwari, 2021), while genetic testing awareness stood at 57% among the American population (Roberts et al., 2017). Discussion reveals significant gaps in integrating these three domains within educational curricula. The study concludes that a synergistic pedagogical approach connecting environmental literacy, genetic alteration education, and sustainable development learning is essential for building scientifically informed and ecologically responsible citizenry.
Environmental Literacy, Genetic Alteration, Sustainable Population Learning, Education for Sustainable Development, Ecological Awareness
The Evolution of Secularism in India: Constitutional Ideals and Political Challenges
India, the world's largest democracy, adopted a unique model of secularism that distinguishes it from Western secular traditions. This paper examines the evolution of secularism in India from its constitutional inception to the contemporary political landscape up to 2023. The objective of this study is twofold: first, to analyze the constitutional framework that establishes and protects secular principles in India; and second, to critically evaluate the political challenges that have tested these ideals over the decades. The methodology employed is doctrinal and analytical, relying on constitutional provisions, landmark judicial pronouncements of the Supreme Court of India, legislative enactments, and authoritative secondary sources. The results and discussion reveal that while the Indian Constitution provides a robust framework for secularism through fundamental rights and directive principles, the practical implementation has been consistently challenged by communal politics, majoritarian tendencies, and identity-based mobilization. The conclusion drawn is that Indian secularism requires continuous judicial vigilance, constitutional fidelity, and informed citizenry to withstand the pressures of political expediency and preserve its pluralistic character.
Secularism, Indian Constitution, Fundamental Rights, Judicial Interpretation, Communal Politics.
Poverty Alleviation through Social Welfare Schemes: Evidence from India
India’s poverty reduction story over the last two decades is increasingly explained not only by growth, but also by the scale and design of social welfare schemes that address multiple deprivations—food insecurity, inadequate housing, low human capital, weak livelihoods, and vulnerability to shocks. This paper assesses poverty alleviation through major welfare interventions in India using (i) national multidimensional poverty evidence, and (ii) scheme output indicators from flagship programs such as the National Food Security Act (NFSA) framework (including large-scale food support), MGNREGA, PMAY-G, and DAY-NRLM. Evidence from India’s National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) shows a sharp decline in multidimensional poverty headcount ratio from 24.85% (2015–16) to 14.96% (2019–21), with projections suggesting 11.28% by 2022–23; an estimated 24.82 crore people exited multidimensional poverty between 2013–14 and 2022–23. The paper explains the economic pathways through which welfare schemes reduce poverty—consumption smoothing, risk protection, asset creation, and improved access to services—while identifying implementation challenges (targeting, portability, payment delays, and quality of assets). The study concludes that India’s welfare architecture has played a material role in lowering multidimensional deprivation, but future gains depend on improved governance, convergence, and outcome-based monitoring.
Poverty alleviation, social welfare schemes, India, multidimensional poverty, NFSA, MGNREGA, PMAY-G, DAY-NRLM, inclusive development.
Interplay of Caste Structure and Voting Patterns in Madhubani District of Bihar
The present study examines the intricate relationship between caste structure and voting patterns in Madhubani district of Bihar, a region deeply embedded in the Mithila cultural landscape where caste identities have historically shaped electoral outcomes. The primary objectives of this research are to analyze caste-wise demographic composition of Madhubani and its influence on electoral behavior, and to assess party-wise voting trends across assembly constituencies from 2010 to 2020. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical research design employing secondary data from the Census of India 2011 and the Election Commission of India. The hypothesis posits that caste composition significantly determines party preferences and candidate selection in Madhubani district. Results reveal that numerically dominant caste groups such as Yadavs, Brahmins, and Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs) exhibit distinct party affiliations, with RJD consistently securing OBC-Muslim consolidation while JD(U) and BJP garnered support from upper castes and EBCs. Voter turnout data across three election cycles demonstrates that constituencies with higher SC populations showed different partisan leanings compared to upper-caste dominated areas. The study concludes that despite emerging developmental narratives, caste remains the primary determinant of electoral choice in Madhubani, though inter-caste coalition building has introduced incremental shifts in traditional voting blocs.
: Caste Structure, Voting Patterns, Madhubani, Electoral Behavior, Bihar Assembly Elections
Representation Of Women In Marathi Short Stories (1950–2025)
This study examines the literary representation of women in Marathi short stories spanning seven decades from 1950 to 2025, analyzing the evolution of female characterization, narrative techniques, and thematic concerns through feminist literary criticism. The research explores how women characters have been portrayed by both male and female authors, investigating the shift from traditional stereotypes to complex, multidimensional representations. Through close textual analysis of representative short stories across different periods, this paper identifies three distinct literary phases: the conservative portrayal period (1950-1975) characterized by idealized domesticity, the feminist awakening period (1976-2000) marked by resistance narratives, and the contemporary intersectional period (2001-2025) featuring diverse women's voices. The analysis reveals significant transformation in narrative perspectives, characterization depth, symbolic representations, and thematic exploration. Key findings demonstrate evolution from passive, suffering female characters to autonomous protagonists who challenge patriarchal structures. The study employs feminist literary theory to decode gendered power dynamics embedded in narrative structures and examines how women writers have subverted male literary traditions to create alternative imaginative spaces. This research contributes to understanding Marathi literature's role in articulating women's experiences and advancing feminist consciousness in Maharashtra.
Marathi short fiction, feminist literary criticism, women's characterization, narrative analysis, gender representation